Iranian Revolution - Wikipedia. The Iranian Revolution (Persian: انقلاب ایران‎, translit. Enqelāb- e Iran‎; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1. Revolution[3][4][5][6][7][8]) refers to events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States,[9] and eventual replacement of 2. Persian monarchy with an Islamic Republic under the Grand Ayatollah. Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by various Islamist and leftist organizations[1. Demonstrations against the Shah commenced in October 1.

January 1. 97. 8.[1. Between August and December 1. The Shah left Iran for exile on 1. January 1. 97. 9, as the last Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a regency council and an opposition- based prime minister.

When Louis XVI summoned the Etats-Generaux he unleashes a revolution that would change his country and cost his life. This is the story of one of the crucial points.

Ayatollah Khomeini was invited back to Iran by the government,[1. Tehran to a greeting by several million Iranians.[1. The royal reign collapsed shortly after on 1.

The Iranian Revolution (Persian: انقلاب ایران ‎, translit. Enqelāb-e Iran ‎; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution) refers to. Includes downloads, cheats, reviews, and articles. Revolution kicks off in a way that immediately sets the feature’s uncompromising tone, as, for a full five minutes, military march music is heard while the screen. Watch Two Mules For Sister Sara Online IMDB more.

February when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting, bringing Khomeini to official power.[1. Iran voted by national referendum to become an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1. Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country, in December 1.

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The revolution was unusual for the surprise it created throughout the world: [2. Iranians,[2. 6] and replaced a pro- Western authoritarian monarchy[1. Western authoritarian theocracy[1. Note 1][2. 8] based on the concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists (or velayat- e faqih). It was a relatively non- violent revolution, and it helped to redefine the meaning and practice of modern revolutions (although there was violence in its aftermath).[2. Background[edit]Reasons advanced for the occurrence of the revolution and its populist, nationalist and, later, Shi'a Islamic character include a conservative backlash against the Westernizing and secularizing efforts of the Western- backed Shah,[3. Note 2] and other shortcomings of the previous regime.

The Shah's regime became increasingly oppressive, brutal,[3. It also suffered from basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages, and inflation.[3. The Shah was perceived by many as beholden to – if not a puppet of – a non- Muslim Western power (the United States)[3. Iran. At the same time, support for the Shah may have waned among Western politicians and media – especially under the administration of U. S. President Jimmy Carter – as a result of the Shah's support for OPEC petroleum price increases earlier in the decade.[4. When President Carter enacted a human- rights policy which said countries guilty of human- rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and petitions in the hope that the repression by the government might subside.[4. The revolution that replaced the monarchy of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi with Islamism and Khomeini rather than with another leader and ideology, is credited in part to the spread of the Shia version of the Islamic revival that opposed Westernization and saw Ayatollah Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a Imam Husayn ibn Ali and the Shah in the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant Yazid I.[4.

Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini's Islamist movement by both the Shah's reign – who considered them a minor threat compared to the Marxists and Islamic socialists[4. Khomeinists could be sidelined.[4. Historical background[edit]Tobacco Protest[edit]The Shi'a clergy (Ulema) had a significant influence on Iranian society. The clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1.

Tobacco Protest. On 2. March 1. 89. 0, Nasir al- Din Shah granted a concession to Major G.

F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years.[4. At the time the Persian tobacco industry employed over 2.

Persian farmers and bazaaris whose livelihoods were largely dependent on the lucrative tobacco business.[4. The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive because of Mirza Hasan Shirazi's fatwa (judicial decree).[5. Finally Nasir al- Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession.[5. The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, and revealed the power of the people and the Ulema influence among them.[4. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Press conference on international oil policies.

Niavaran Palace, Tehran, 1. Persian Constitutional Revolution[edit]The growing discontent continued until the Constitutional Revolution (1. The revolution led to the establishment of a Parliament and approval of the first constitution. Although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the autocracy of the Qajar regime, it failed to provide a powerful alternative government. Consequently, within the decades following the establishment of the new parliament, a number of critical events took place. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. Reza Shah[edit]Insecurity and chaos created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General Reza Khan, the commander of the elite Persian Cossack Brigade who seized power in a coup d'état in February 1.

He established a constitutional monarchy, deposing the last of the Qajar shah in 1. A number of these reforms led to public discontent which provides circumstances for an Iranian revolution.

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's father, Reza Shah, replaced Islamic laws with Western ones, which forbade traditional Islamic clothing, separation of the sexes and veiling of women's faces with the niqab.[5. Police forcibly removed and tore chadors off women who resisted his ban on the public hijab. In 1. 93. 5, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the Goharshad Mosque rebellion.[5. On the other hand, in the early rise of Reza Shah, Abdul- Karim Ha'eri Yazdi founded the Qom Seminary and created important changes in seminaries. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other religious leaders who followed him. Hence, no widespread anti- government attempts were organized by clergy during the Reza Shah Rule.

However, the future Ayatollah Khomeini was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha’eri.[5. Mosaddegh and The Anglo Iranian Oil Company (today BP)[edit]From 1. Anglo- Persian Oil Company (renamed the Anglo- Iranian oil company in 1. British oil company - enjoyed the monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil. It was the most profitable British business in the world. Most Iranians lived in poverty while the wealth generated from Iranian oil played a decisive role in maintaining Britain at the top of the world.

In 1. 95. 1 Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh pledged to throw the company out of Iran, reclaim the petroleum reserves and free Iran from foreign powers. Mosaddegh nationalized the Anglo- Iranian oil company and became a national hero. The British, however, were outraged and accused him of stealing. The British demanded punishment by the World Court and the United Nations, sent warships to the Persian Gulf and finally imposed a crushing embargo. Mosaddegh was unmoved by Britain's campaign against him. One European newspaper, the Frankfurter Neue Presse, reported that Mosaddegh "would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession for the British".

The British considered an armed invasion, but U. S. President Harry S. Truman refused his support. U. K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided for a coup. Mosaddegh, however, learned of their plans and ordered the British embassy shuttered in October 1. All British diplomats and agents had to leave the country.